Back to Tylogix Home Page. Four commercial Linux vendors have joined together their development organizations to produce an industry-standard distribution. Backed by IBM Corp. Each of the member companies -- Caldera International Inc. The joint venture, which includes the developer pools of the member companies, will create an enterprise-class Linux distribution, called United Linux.

The companies in turn will sell the distribution with value-added features including technical support and localization. If over the last few months or years, you thought of acquiring UNIX - or Linux - skills but never had the time, the opportunity or a platform to use it, this article may for you. The iSeries operating system now offers a built-in UNIX environment. This new environment is named QSHELL.

While there has not yet been much publicity, this is an important development for all of us who use the iSeries on a daily basis.

It can also be a very strong basic training ground for understanding the basics of how UNIX style operating environments work. The first question one may want to ask is why did IBM come up with this 'QSHELL' environment in the first place?

The answer is that to be fully Java compliant, IBM needed to supply a JDK Java Development Kit on its iSeries eServer that could run standard Java commands such as Java, Javac or Javadoc, the same way other UNIX systems could. The purpose of this article is to give a quick overview of how QSHELL works, and provide a strong tutorial base and an example of shell script which can be run on a UNIX platform as well as your own iSeries using QSHELL.

Once there, what you will see is not very different from an ordinary green-screen QCMD session, with a different set of commands.

The commands available in QSHELL are mostly UNIX style commands. All the commands reside in this directory, although they are available to be run where ever you are in QSHELL. The QSHELL command set is based on the POSIX It is compatible with Bourne shell scripts and supports many of the features used by Korn shell scripts. What this really means is that you can pick up a standard UNIX Korn Shell script manual and learn how to write a UNIX style procedure that can actually run on your iSeries.

There are however some incompatibilities see Appendix 1 that you may want to understand if you start writing scripts to run in QSHELL. As a quick picture, you can think of UNIX environments as similar to DOS, as far as the user command interface is concerned.

To know what you can do with QSHELL, there is no 'HELP' command, and the F4 key is plainly ineffective. Effectively, the latest entries will be the last ones in the listing, which is practical for reading. Note that the order of these command modifiers is not important.

This sounds basic, but ls and pwd are some of the most useful commands. You will use them often in this environment. Each directory branch grows from the previous, just like in DOS or in Windows. The directory structure in this environment can have n levels. However, on the iSeries, we have a single level of libraries: In UNIX, a directory can be in a non-root directory.

One other important feature of the UNIX file system: This means that a file named caseSENSTIVE is not the same as a file named CASESensitive. They will be listed and recognized by the operating system as two distinct files. This is critical if you write shell scripts.

Back to the command list. Having this list of comnands is great, but what can you do with all this? In a traditional UNIX or Linux environment, you can type. For some unknown reason, but the iSeries folks did not implement this. They did not implement the F4 command in QSHELL either.

The best source for information on the comands you have there is from the Internet. If you use www. You will get all the information you need on pwd. Giving such skimpy help is somewhat out of character for the iSeries, but this is what we have for now. The first thing you may want to do if you play with your QSHELL environment is to create a directory of your own.

As an example, you can type. This action of creating a QSHELL directory is similar to creating your own library. Within that directory, you can store your own shell scripts without cluttering the root area, which you want to keep clean if possible. There are many UNIX commands to play with, and for now, I will focus on the method of using QSHELL rather than explaining too many commands.

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The number one use of an environment such as a UNIX shell is, like most computing environments to be able to store programs, or shell scripts. To do this, you need an editor. Again here, we run into one of these differences that make QSHELL different from other UNIX implementations. Like the CL language, in the QSHELL environment, commands can be entered from the command entry screen. In the same way, QSHELL instructions can be written into a script, which can be re-run any time it is invoked.

Shell scripts can, like CL programs, take parameters, contain variables data capturing work from home jobs in durban use conditions to process information, make decisions and alter data. In an unusual way, in shell programming, the first most important type of line to understand is the comment line.

As in any programming language, it is always good practice to include strong documentation in the code. The hash sign is the comment indicator marlin 25mn synthetic stock shell script.

Everything to the right of the is considered a comment. However, there is an exception for the comment indicator.

This leads into the real main topic of this paragraph: Which perth city easter trading hours are you using? At the beginning of any shell script, you must indicate for UNIX what type of shell commands you are intending to use, as each shell has its own variation on the shell theme.

When the hash sign normally an indication of a comment is followed by a exclamation mark! The table below shows 3 different declarations. Shell Name Bourne Shell C shell Korn Shell Declaration! Note that in a variable assignment, you do NOT want any blank characters before or after the equal sign. To evaluate an expression and assign the result to a variable, in Korn shell, you need to use the expression 'let'.

Here is an example:. When ' ' is used for expression evaluation with the C Shell, you must include a space before and after the equal sign as well as between each element which appears on the right side of the expression.

To verify what you have in your variables, simply type:. The ability to pass parameters or arguments to a program makes shell programming much more flexible than it would be otherwise. The number of parameters passed to the program can also be referenced.

Shell scripting is a like any other language, and this means it can handle if conditions and loops like any other languages. It does however have its own syntax. Here are the main syntax constructs to remember:. Bourne and Korn Shell Logic Control C Shell Logic Control Control statements follow a peculiar but logical naming convention. For loops and while loops are other useful constructs available in shell programming.

The syntax is as follows:. In C Shell, the syntax for ' if ' and ' case ' statements is slightly different: As usual, for the for and savage 93r17 tactical stock loops, there are slight differences in C Shell: Unlike the control structures, the pipes and redirection operators work similarly in all shells.

Using pipe commands in shell scripting is very common. A pipe can be compared to using an outfile on an iSeries command, and having it read directly by the next command being called.

Here is an example where the output of command ls list the contents of the directory is piped directly into the input of the command sort.

All broker forex di indonesia is done by using the operator between the two commands: With re-direction operators, you effectively send the output of your command to an outfile. The command date generates data which is appended to the file dateoutput. To display the contents of the files in these examples, use the cat command.

For the purpose of this article, the point of application for this shell script tutorial is on your own iSeries eServer.

How do you go about creating your first shell program? You are only a few steps away. 777 best binary options training viewing utilities are cat and more. Out of these, QSHELL only has cata utility which copies the contents of a file to the display screen. This is not very practical for large files. Thankfully, they have replaced these utilities with somewhat better programs. The editor for QSHELL files and scritps is a command named EDTF.

The format of this command is. The file viewer for QSHELL files and scirpts is a command named DSPF. The format for this command is. The only wrinkle in this case is that you cannot access these two commands from QSHELL.

You have to use your normal command entry line. The good news is that EDTF and DSPF are very much like SEU editors and any iSeries programmer should have no difficulty learning remington 700 sps tactical stock mod to handle them.

Actually, in my opinion, as far as text editors, EDTF is miles ahead of emacs and vi. This currency strength indicator metatrader 4 cannot replace a UNIX reference book, but if you have a few minutes, with the example below, you will be able to create your first UNIX shell script on QSHELL. In Appendix 2, you will find a simple Korn shell menu script.

Menus are simple ways of making your life easier and they demonstrate well some basic functions of the scripting dangers of online stock trading. As a first step, use the EDTF utility to copy in the source provided in Appendix 2 into a file named MyMenu. Once this is done, take a look at it in your directory in QSHELL famous inventionsuccess.net inventor make marketing money see if you can do a cat against it.

It will simply scroll on the screen. You can do a cat on this file to display it, but if you type the menu name to execute it, it will not do anything. This is not because the source is not compiled - UNIX shell script is interpreted - it is because of the permission setting which is not set initially to let you execute this file.

The first ' - ' means that this is a file. If it was a directory, it would say ' d '. If it was a logical link, it would say a ' l '. The three letters are ' r ' representing ' right to read ', ' w ' to represent the ' right to write ' and ' x ' to represent the 'right to execute'. What this all means is that even if you have keyed in a perfectly good menu, you are still not able to execute it because you do not have the right to.

You have a ' - ' where the ' x ' would be if you did have that right. Fortunately, you can change this very easily. The command is chmod. A good chmod tutorial can be found at the following address: This is a very simple introduction to QSHELL.

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There is much to read on a blend of UNIX and iSeries to be able to do more in this environment. The main point here is that you can, if you wish, start building up UNIX shell scripting knowledge right now, without having to go very far. As a reference, one of the best books I have bought on the topic is 'UNIX in Plain English, by Keven Reichard and Eric Foster-Johnson. Another good book is 'UNIX Shell Programming' by Lowell Jay Arthur and Ted Burns.

This article, in the end, is just a starting point and hopefully an incitement for you the reader to go further. While qsh is compatible with standard shell interpreters on other platforms, there are several differences:. The following UNIX shell script is a simple menu with two options: The point here is to illustrate some basic functionality of shell scripting. Simple Menu Shell Script Credit: Internet Code - www. Display the menu 2. Check the answer for 1, 2, 3 or 0 and dispatch to the appropriate function or exit 4 Repeat until 0 is entered while true do 1.

Execute commands based on the number entered by the user. Object authority or 'file permission' in UNIX lingo, is something to both be aware of and get used to. I will go into some detail here because this is a key concept. Understanding how permissions work in UNIX is a necessity for every day operations and it also gives a good indication of the style in which UNIX works. These 3 flags can be set to 0 or 1. To handle all this in the most economical way, each of the three authority groups are represented by the binary value of an octal number.

This octal number, 0 to 7 translated in binary, gives a combination of 3 binary digits. You need to understand that clearly when you work with UNIX, as this is one concept you will deal with every day.

If for example, you write a small shell script test to see what you can do, you will never be able to execute it unless you change the permissions using the obviously named chmod command to give yourself permission to execute the file. A file, in UNIX can be anything from a flat file to a UNIX script. A UNIX script with an ' x ' in the 'execute' permission flag position is deemed executable, even if not compiled shell script is interpreted. Each file has 3 types of permissions read, write or executefor each of the three categories of users individual users, groups of users or all users.

The 0 to 7 values are actually used as a shortcut to say their binary value. For example, the binary value of Octal 5 is ' '. This translates in a permission value of ' r-x ' or 'read, no write, execute'. Octal 6 translates to binary ' ' and thus the permission value of ' rw- ' or 'read, write, no execute'.

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The table below tells the whole story: The permission flags look like rwxrwxrwxlisted at the right side of the file in a directory listing. The permission flags look like rwxrw-r--listed at the right side of the file in a directory listing.

There is more to read on UNIX permissions, but this is the base functionality. Coming from the iSeries environment, this method of determining authority or permissions, looks like a step backwards.

It is however widely used and accepted by UNIX lovers the world over. This may help understand this somewhat simple permission system. Bourne and Korn Shell Variable Assignment.

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C Shell Variable Assignment. For the C shell, the syntax is slightly different: Bourne and Korn Shell Expression Evaluations. To verify what you have in your variables, simply type: Bourne and Korn Shell Parameter Variables.

C Shell Parameter Variables. Bourne and Korn Shell Logic Control. C Shell Logic Control. Control statements follow a peculiar but logical naming convention. The syntax is as follows: